Abstract: Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms have been developed in recent decades, substituting standard Post-Quantum (PQ) algorithms to withstand quantum attacks. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a prevalent symmetric encryption technique utilized for data security and efficiency. It guarantees the secrecy and integrity of data encryption. Crystal-Kyber is a key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) utilizing lattice-based cryptography, engineered to withstand both conventional and quantum attacks. The AES and Crystal-Kyber algorithms exemplify distinct methodologies in encryption and key management. A research gap exists in the amalgamation of AES with Crystal-Kyber to implement a hybrid encryption system that ensures security against both conventional and quantum threats. Current cutting-edge research examines quantum computing (QC) for safe advanced RISC-V SoCs, leveraging the flexibility and scalability of Post-Quantum cryptosystems. QCA (Quantum Dot Cellular Automata) is a technology that operates on quantum mechanics at high frequencies (Terahertz), offering a transistor-less architecture to minimize circuit complexity. Moreover, QCA consumes less power, operates at elevated frequencies, and exhibits greater density in comparison to traditional CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) circuits. All PQC methods, in conjunction with classical quantum cryptography algorithms, are presented to tackle the prevailing challenges. Additionally, other studies examine the hardware and software implementations of post-quantum cryptography within the RISC-V architecture. A thorough research effort on QCA-based cryptographic circuits is examined, along with an innovative method for the next generation of secure nano-communication.
Das et al. (Sat,) studied this question.