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Himalaya is a major physiographic region not only in India but also in the world and home to many glaciers 1.Its area above the snow line is covered with ice throughout the year.The melting of glaciers in response to recent impacts of global warming produces young glacial lakes in the Himalayan region.It has been observed that the Himalayan region is sensitive to global climate changes 2,3 and thus has the potential to produce more young glacial lakes shortly.It has also been recorded that the temperature of the Himalayan region has increased with varying ranges of 0.15-0.60°C4 and this variability in the range of temperature causes the glacial retreat 5,6. *Author for correspondenceIt has discovered that warming has increased in the higher altitudes of the Himalayas 7.In the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, India, historical trend analysis of climatic parameters, land surface temperature (LST), and physical landscape change indicates alarming consequences in the future 7.As a result, the elevation-dependent warming potential to alter glacier equilibrium and snow line has been processed at a faster pace in recent years.The process of retreating of Glaciers leads to the evolution and growth of different types of lakes in the Himalayan region and makes the area hazard-prone 8, 9.There have been recognised about 9000 glacial lakes in the Himalayan region which are probably the highest in the world and among them, 200 lakes have been identified as potentially hazardous to the hilly habitat.A total of 40 glacial lakes have resulted in the 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2017 were selected for mapping using the wellknown normalized difference water index (NDWI > 0.25) in the earth resource data analysis system (ERDAS) modeler. Abstract Extreme weather events, such as cloud bursts, temperature inversions, and landslides, along with the effects of global warming, act as catalysts for snowmelt and contribute to the expansion of existing glacial lakes in mountainous regions like the Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh, India. The additional water load in these glacial lakes, caused by snowmelt and extreme rainfall events, can lead to glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), a phenomenon that is both difficult to map and inaccessible. These GLOF events pose significant hazards to the region and its inhabitants. Therefore, it is crucial to map and monitor glacial lakes using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The present research focuses on the spatio-temporal mapping of glacial lakes in a part of Himachal Pradesh, India, utilizing Landsat satellite time series data from 1980 to 2017. The years Results indicated a continuous increase in both the number and extent of glacial lakes during the study period. In 1980, there were 102 glacial lakes covering an area of 222.8 hectares. By 2017, the number of glacial lakes had increased to 783, covering an area of 955.6 hectares. It was observed that while some lakes appeared and others disappeared during the study period, the appearance of lakes was more prominent in higher elevation ranges (4000-5500 meters), making this a potentially vulnerable altitude zone for GLOF hazards. The study provides a foundation for further monitoring of lake dynamics and identifying possible GLOF-prone areas, offering valuable information for policymakers involved in the management of hilly habitats and for researchers globally.
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