Race and Ethnicity and Diagnostic Testing for Common Conditions in the Acute Care Setting

Importance Overuse of diagnostic testing is pervasive, but the extent to which it varies by race and ethnicity in the acute care setting is poorly understood. Objective To use a previously validated diagnostic intensity index to evaluate differences in diagnostic testing rates by race and ethnicity in the acute care setting, which may serve as a surrogate for diagnostic test overuse. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a cross-sectional study of emergency department (ED) discharges, hospital observation stays, and hospital admissions using administrative claims among EDs and acute care hospitals in Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, and New Jersey, from 2016 through 2018. The diagnostic intensity index pairs nonspecific principal discharge diagnoses (nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, chest pain, and syncope) with related diagnostic tests to estimate rates of nondiagnostic testing. Adults with an acute care encounter with a principal discharge diagnosis of interest were included. Data were analyzed from January to February 2024. Exposure Race and ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, White, other including American Indian, multiracial, and multiethnic, and missing). Main Outcomes and Measures Receipt of a diagnostic test. Generalized linear models with a hospital-specific indicator variable were estimated to calculate the adjusted odds ratio of receiving a test related to the principal discharge diagnosis by race and ethnicity, controlling for primary payer and zip code income quartile. Results Of 3 683 055 encounters (1 055 575 encounters 28.7% for Black, 300 333 encounters 8.2% for Hispanic, and 2 140 335 encounters 58.1% for White patients; mean SD age of patients with encounters, 47.3 18.8 years; 2 233 024 encounters among females 60.6%), most (2 969 974 encounters 80.6%) were ED discharges. Black compared with White patients discharged from the ED with a diagnosis of interest had an adjusted odds ratio of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.72-0.75) of having related diagnostic testing. No other racial or ethnic disparities of a similar magnitude were observed in any acute care settings. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, White patients discharged from the ED with a nonspecific diagnosis of interest were significantly more likely than Black patients to receive related diagnostic testing. The extent to which this represents diagnostic test overuse in White patients vs undertesting and missed diagnoses in Black patients deserves further study.