Anti-inflammatory potential of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade) fractionated ethanol extract on NF-κB and PGE-2 levels in periodontitis model rats

Context: The prevalence of periodontitis in Indonesia is still high. The main bacteria causing periodontitis is Porphyromonas gingivalis, which causes direct damage to periodontal tissue and triggers various immune responses through the NF-B signaling pathway, producing pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) extract might be useful as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting the NF-B signaling pathway and PGE-2 biosynthesis by suppressing COX-2. Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of fractionated ethanol extract of Z. officinale by observing NF-B and PGE-2 levels in periodontitis model rats. Methods: 90 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: negative control group, positive control group (ibuprofen dose 10 mg/kg BW), and treatment group (Z. officinale dose 10, 50, 100 mg/kg BW), which were observed on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day. Induction of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 2 × 106 CFU in 30 µL PBS using a 0.5 mL syringe in the gingival sulcus on the mesial of the mandibular central incisor was carried out once every three days for two weeks. 6 rats from each group were sacrificed on 3rd, 5th, and 7th day after treatment. The gingival tissue of the mandibular central incisor was excised for ELISA examination to determine the levels of NF-B and PGE-2. Results: The Two-Way ANOVA analysis showed that fractionated ethanol extract of Z. officinale significantly reduced levels of NF-B (p=0.000) and PGE-2 (p=0.000) in all groups. Conclusions: Fractionated ethanol extract of Z. officinale has anti-inflammatory potential by reducing NF-B levels at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW and PGE-2 levels at 100 mg/kg BW on day 5 in periodontitis model rats.