We consider a model where the Standard Model is added to the Einstein Lagrangian together with a Jordan-Brans-Dicke (JBD) coupling. The time-dependent Higgs field has an important role in interpreting the effective gravitational constant, G₄₅₅. This may lead to two Big Bangs, the first Big Bang characterizes the size of the universe being zero. At this Big Bang, the value of the effective gravitational constant is zero and starts decreasing in time through negative values. During this era, the JBD term is important. In the second Big Bang, the effective gravitational constant passes through infinity to positive values. The negative gravitational constant is interpreted as repulsive gravity. The Lagrangian density provides effective potentials leading to spontaneous symmetry breaking which gives cosmological expectation value of the Higgs field and the Higgs mass which depends on curvature and the Brans Dicke parameter.
Arık et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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