Management and biodiversity conservation in Central European forests

Active forest management and maintenance or restoration of biodiversity are intertwined. We describe several Central European forest types through typical management cycles and identify synergies and trade-offs with biodiversity conservation. Synergies emerge when the maintenance of forest structures supporting recognized human needs for biomass production create diverse habitats. On the stand level, relevant are tending interventions during stand development, the length of the production cycle, and the choice of tree species. Thinning promotes forest productivity, enhances structural heterogeneity, and the habitat diversity for many species groups. The vertical and horizontal diversity on the stand level is high in uneven-aged multi-species forests. The choice of the rotation period is controversial, because no balance between forest productivity, stand stability, and habitat quality is yet negotiated. On the landscape level heterogeneity arises when many actors implement a range of silvicultural concepts and management intensities. Deadwood of different dimensions provides multiple habitats and enhances biodiversity, but causes challenges for forest protection in some forest types. A possible compromise is setting aside unmanaged interconnected units with veteran trees (stepping-stone habitats). Damage caused by wildlife is an un-resolved issue in Central European forests. High ungulate populations are reducing the potentially emerging diversity of tree species by selective browsing. A controversial topic is the introduction of non-native tree species, potentially filling in where native tree species cannot cope with expected future site conditions. Their introduction may lead into uncharted territory with respect to biotic threats. In conclusion, the knowledge-based discourse between nature conservation and forest management needs to be continued to further develop the successful concept of multiple-use forestry.