Transcriptomic profiling and gene network analysis revealed regulatory mechanisms of bract development in Bougainvillea glabra

Abstract Background Bracts are important for ornamental plants, and their developmental regulation process is complex; however, relatively little research has been conducted on bracts. In this study, physiological, biochemical and morphological changes in Bougainvillea glabra leaves, leaf buds and bracts during seven developmental periods were systematically investigated. Moreover, transcriptomic data of B. glabra bracts were obtained using PacBio and Illumina sequencing technologies, and key genes regulating their development were screened. Results Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the bracts develop via a process involving regression of hairs and a color change from green to white. Transcriptome sequencing revealed 79,130,973 bp of transcript sequences and 45,788 transcripts. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 50 expression patterns across seven developmental periods, with significant variability in transcription factors such as BgAP1 , BgFULL , BgCMB1, BgSPL16 , BgSPL8 , BgDEFA , BgEIL1, and BgBH305 . KEGG and GO analyses of growth and development showed the involvement of chlorophyll metabolism and hormone-related metabolic pathways. The chlorophyll metabolism genes included BgPORA , BgSGR , BgPPH , BgPAO and BgRCCR . The growth hormone and abscisic acid signaling pathways involved 44 and 23 homologous genes, and coexpression network analyses revealed that the screened genes BgAPRR5 and BgEXLA1 are involved in the regulation of bract development. Conclusions These findings improve the understanding of the molecular mechanism of plant bract development and provide important guidance for the molecular regulation and genetic improvement of the growth and development of ornamental plants, mainly ornamental bracts.