Piper nigrum L.: A Systematic Review of its Botanical Characteristics, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities

Piper nigrum L., commonly known as black pepper, is a globally recognized spice with a long history of traditional medicinal use and a growing body of scientific research supporting its pharmacological potential. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of global research on P. nigrum by examining literature from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, including studies published up to 2025. The article explores the plant’s botanical profile, rich phytochemical composition- including key bioactive compounds such as piperine, flavonoids, and essential oils- and its extensive traditional and modern medicinal applications. P. nigrum has demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antidiarrheal, insecticidal, antipyretic, anti-asthmatic, and antiulcer effects. The review also delves into the underlying mechanisms of action that support these therapeutic effects, offering insights into how these phytochemicals exert biological activity at the molecular level. In addition, the toxicity profile of P. nigrum is discussed to highlight considerations for its safe use in pharmacological applications. By integrating traditional knowledge with current scientific evidence, this review highlights the broad therapeutic potential of P. nigrum and provides direction for future research and clinical application. Major Findings: This review provides an extensive overview of P. nigrum’s pharmacological relevance, highlighting its rich phytochemical makeup and diverse therapeutic applications. It also addresses mechanisms of action and safety considerations, supporting its potential in evidence-based medicine.