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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a family of particles/vesicles present in blood and body fluids, bounded by a lipid dual- layer and non-replicable. They do not contain a functional core and carry a variety of molecules important in mediating cellular communication, thereby modulating crucial cellular processes such as homeostasis, induction/attenuation of inflammation, and support of cellular repair.Their existence, initially suspected in 1946 and confirmed in 1967, led to a sudden increase in the number of scientific publications, given their potential significance in understanding the mechanisms underlying various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological diseases and infectious. These researches revealed a role for EVs as promising candidate biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and even therapeutic purposes.The population of platelet-derived vesicles (pEVs) is the largest among other types of circulating EVs.Cell membrane physical characteristics and biological burden define the pivotal role of platelet-derived vesicles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular (CV) diseases.Platelet-derived EVs are, therefore, key players in mediating inflammatory and coagulation reactions involving endotheliocytes, platelets, smooth muscle cells and inflammatory cells and thus contribute to the development ofatherosclerosis and angiogenesis, dysregulation of the coronary microcirculation in contiguity with endothelial dysfunction. In addition, EVs play an essential role in tissue repair, angiogenesis, and neovascularization through intracellular signaling cascades. In fact, EVs mediate autocrine and paracrine signals that are able to rebuild the homeostatic microenvironment in the heart and vessels.This review aims to provide a brief overview of the biogenesis, characteristics of platelet micro-particles with a special focus on their involvement in cardiovascular disease, but especially on the link between thrombosis, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation.In addition, here we review early experiments, summarize key findings that propelled the field, describe the growth of an organized EV community, and discuss the current state of the field.
Caragea et al. (Sat,) studied this question.
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