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The research introduces MC-DSR-AHO a routing protocol integrating Markov Chain-based Dynamic Source Routing (MC-DSR) with Adaptable Hummingbird Optimization (AHO) for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs).MWSNs face challenges such as packet loss, latency, limited throughput, and energy inefficiency in dynamic and resource-constrained environments.MC-DSR-AHO addresses these issues by combining the probabilistic modeling of MC-DSR with the adaptive optimization of AHO.This integration results in improved packet delivery reliability, reduced packet drops, efficient data transmission, optimized delays, and energy conservation.Simulations demonstrate the protocol's scalability and consistent performance across varying node counts.This research highlights the effectiveness of utilizing probability modeling and bio-inspired optimization to enhance the adaptability and efficiency of routing protocols in MWSNs.MC-DSR-AHO represents a significant advancement, providing practical benefits and guiding future research in dynamic network environments.
Kawsalya et al. (Sat,) studied this question.