Medical care needs and experiences of LGBTQ populations in Japan

Abstract This study comprehensively examines the medical needs and experiences of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) population—also referred to as sexual minorities—in Japan. It aims to bridge the existing gap in understanding the experiences of LGBTQ populations in accessing healthcare, and inform future healthcare reforms. In November 2022, a cross-sectional, web-based, anonymous survey was conducted targeting LGBTQ populations across Japan who had previously visited a medical institution. Participants were recruited through a private, web-based, survey company. Inclusion criteria included being 20 years old or above, having a record of medical visits, and experiencing distress or discomfort related to gender identity, gender, or sexual orientation. Survey items were developed based on previous research and preliminary interviews, to assess demographic characteristics, experiences with medical care, and preferences for end-of-life care. A total of 103 respondents with a diverse demographic profile from across Japan participated in the survey. Among sexual minorities whose gender identity differed from their birth assignment, significant challenges were reported, including distressful experiences related to assigned hospital rooms and difficulties accessing certain medical departments. LGBTQ individuals with non-heterosexual orientations also faced barriers to partner involvement in medical decision-making and care. This study underscores the need for healthcare reforms to address the challenges faced by LGBTQ individuals in Japan. Healthcare providers should create a more equitable and affirming healthcare system for all individuals, irrespective of sexual orientation or gender identity.