Hydrologic evolution of two Martian deltas in the Ismenius Cavus system

Ismenius Cavus (33.76° N, 17.05° W) is a large Martian basin that has been interpreted as an ancient paleolake. It is situated in the middle of the path Mamers Valles traces from the Cerulli Crater to the Borealis Basin. This ancient lake served as a key deposition area (or depocenter) for multiple lake chains originating in the southern highlands. The collected water was then transported downstream to the Borealis Basin. The ancient hydrologic activity of this zone is evidenced in the widespread appearance of valley networks and fretted channels, but especially in the presence of deltaic deposits converging in Ismenius Cavus. We made a hydrological and geomorphological analysis of two of these deltas, which compose a three-crater lake chain system. It was interpreted that both deltas, although being close to each other, were created by different processes and at different times. The Aracataca Delta was deposited during the Noachian by a valley network system. The Ariguani Delta, in turn, was the result of the discharge of a fretted channel carved by groundwater sapping. The transformations of the hydrologic systems in the Ismenius Cavus region were established by analyzing the change in the deltaic pulses over time. It was determined that the first hydrologic stage was dominated by widespread valley networks that probably represent subglacial hydrologic systems, a second stage started when these systems were replaced by groundwater activity; and finally, when the water sources were exhausted, a final stage of glacial processes prevailed until the present.