Kondo effect in the isotropic Heisenberg spin chain

We investigate the boundary effects that arise when spin-12 impurities interact with the edges of the antiferromagnetic spin-12 Heisenberg chain through spin exchange interactions. We consider both cases when the couplings are ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic. We find that in the case of antiferromagnetic interaction, when the impurity coupling strength is much weaker than that in the bulk, the impurity is screened in the ground state via the Kondo effect. The Kondo phase is characterized by the Lorentzian density of states and a dynamical scale, the Kondo temperature T₊, is generated. As the impurity coupling strength increases, T₊ increases until it reaches its maximum value T₀=2 which is the maximum energy carried by a single spinon. When the impurity coupling strength is increased further, we enter another phase, the bound mode phase, where the impurity is screened in the ground state by a single particle bound mode exponentially localized at the edge to which the impurity is coupled. We find that, in contrast to the Kondo phase, the impurity can be unscreened by unoccupying the single particle bound mode. This costs an energy E₁ that is greater than T₀. There exists a boundary eigenstate phase transition between the Kondo and the bound-mode phases, a transition which is characterized by the change in the number of towers of the Hilbert space. The transition also manifests itself in local thermodynamic quantities---local impurity density of states and the local impurity magnetization in the ground state. When the impurity coupling is ferromagnetic, the impurity is unscreened in the ground state; however, when the absolute value of the ratio of the impurity and bulk coupling strengths is greater than 45, the impurity can be screened by adding a bound mode that costs energy greater than T₀. When two impurities are considered, the phases exhibited by each impurity remain unchanged in the thermodynamic limit, but nevertheless the system exhibits a rich phase diagram.