Evaluating microgrid business models for rural electrification: A novel framework and three cases in Southeast Asia

• Around 10 % of the ASEAN population remains without access to reliable & affordable electricity. • Microgrids are increasingly proposed as a viable route to electrifying remote locations. • Developing effective, scalable and long term business models remains a challenge. • We develop a novel framework for the study of microgrid business models. • The article provides recommendations for the optimal design of these business models.