Quantum dark energy in a seven-dimensional universe

This paper explains the dark energy and acceleration of the universe by quantizing the space in hidden dimensions, which provides the basis and background for the gravitational force. Space-time is considered to be made of a four-dimensional elastic grid in a seven-dimensional universe in which matter also expands along with the universe. Each cube of the grid is considered a quantum of hidden three-dimensional space of Planck volume containing Planck charge, which makes the universe seven dimensional. The dark energy is explained by the electrostatic repulsion between Planck charges in each quantum of the hidden space. Mathematically, this electrostatic repulsion is related to the Hubble parameter H(z) to explain the accelerated expansion of the universe, dark energy, and the increase in the cosmological potential energy/inertial mass. Expansion of space-time is considered not due to the creation of the new space but due to the stretching of the existing space-time itself like an elastic ruler where the proper length and volume remain constant. The relative values of the Planck constant, gravitational constant, permittivity of free space, and Boltzmann constant are shown to vary owing to the expansion or contraction of space-time in the cosmological, gravitational, and relativistic frameworks, but are compensated for by the proportional change in inertial mass. This theory also builds a preliminary framework for the relativistic Newtonian theory of gravity and relativistic MONDian gravity, identifies a valid reason for the transition of Newtonian gravity to MOND at a0, and explains the dynamics of galaxy clusters without dark matter.