Development of Trade in the Early 18th and 20th Centuries in the Atyrau Region of Kazakhstan and its Impact on Local Communities

Since the 18th century, the trade system has played a pivotal role in shaping the socio-political, socio-economic, and economic landscape of the western part of the Kazakh lands, which became part of the Russian Empire.This integration brought about significant transformations in various facets of life within the region.During the 18th and 19th centuries, the primary means of sustenance for the Kazakh people revolved around cattle breeding and agriculture, establishing a foundation deeply intertwined with trade relations and economic activities.This research examines the trade dynamics of the Atyrau region, particularly examining the interactions of Kazakh communities with neighboring people and the settlers of the area.It also investigates how the expansion of cities within the region have contributed to the growth and diversification of trade, thereby fostering positive socio-economic changes.Utilizing historical records and analyses of trade patterns, the research focuses on the pivotal role played by Guryev, formerly known as Atyrau, in facilitating the trade activities throughout the 18th, 19th, and the early 20th centuries.The findings show the significant influence of trade on the development of the Atyrau region, indicating both benefits and drawbacks.While trade expansion brought economic advantages, such as access to new markets and financial gains, it also resulted in exploitation and impoverishment of the local people.