Comparison of spatial transcriptomics technologies using tumor cryosections

Abstract Background Spatial transcriptomics ( ST ) technologies are revolutionizing our understanding of intra-tumor heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment by revealing single-cell molecular profiles within their spatial tissue context. The rapid evolution of ST methods, each with unique features, presents a challenge in selecting the most appropriate technology for specific research objectives. Here, we compare four imaging-based ST methods – RNAscope HiPlex, Molecular Cartography, MERFISH/Merscope, and Xenium – together with sequencing-based ST (Visium). These technologies were used to study cryosections of medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity (MBEN), a tumor chosen for its distinct microanatomical features. Results Our analysis reveals that automated imaging-based ST methods are well suited to delineating the intricate MBEN microanatomy, capturing cell-type-specific transcriptome profiles. We devise approaches to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the different methods together with their unique attributes to guide method selection based on the research aim. Furthermore, we demonstrate how reimaging of slides after the ST analysis can markedly improve cell segmentation accuracy and integrate additional transcript and protein readouts to expand the analytical possibilities and depth of insights. Conclusions This study highlights key distinctions between various ST technologies and provides a set of parameters for evaluating their performance. Our findings aid in the informed choice of ST methods and delineate approaches for enhancing the resolution and breadth of spatial transcriptomic analyses, thereby contributing to advancing ST applications in solid tumor research.