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Cardiac output monitoring has proven to be a promising hemodynamic management tool especially for critically ill patients. Pulse wave analysis is a noninvasive method used to quantify cardiac output continuously with respect to time. In this article, we have proposed a novel methodology to quantify the contribution of pulse waves to further study the role of arterial wall relaxation with respect to time. The relaxation time can further help in the diagnosis of disease. The pulse wave velocity component is derived by transforming governing fluid flow equations into hyperbolic equations for laminar incompressible blood flow in an artery of viscoelastic walls. The viscoelastic behavior of the wall is analogously modeled by the modified Zener model that has the capability to measure creep, stress relaxation, and hysteresis. The derived model equations are solved numerically by the multiderivative Runge–Kutta implicit–explicit time integration method with a weighted, essentially non-oscillatory, discretization scheme. The results are well validated with clinical trial-based Riemann problems for the case of elastic walls. It is observed that the proposed modified Zener model is well suitable to identify the location of arterial stiffness where the pulse wave manifests various types of phenomena like discontinuity and reflection.
Mal et al. (Mon,) studied this question.