YAP1 Regulates the YAP1/AR/PSA Axis through Autophagy in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Mediates T-Cell Immune and Inflammatory Cytokine Infiltration

The emergence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with increased malignancy and limited treatment options. This study aims to investigate potential connections between immune cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokines with the YAP1/AR/PSA axis by exploring their interactions with autophagy. Our research reveals heightened levels of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) expression in CRPC tissues compared with tissues from androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Additionally, a correlation was observed between YAP1 and PSA expressions in CRPC tissues, suggesting that YAP1 may exert a regulatory influence on PSA expression within CRPC. Enhanced YAP1 expression in C4-2 cells resulted in the upregulation of androgen receptor (AR) nuclear translocation and intracellular prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Conversely, the suppression of YAP1 led to a decrease in PSA expression, suggesting that YAP1 may positively regulate the PSA in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by facilitating AR nuclear import. The modulation of the autophagy activity exerts a significant impact on the expression levels of YAP1, the AR, and the PSA. Moreover, recent advancements in immunity and inflammation studies present promising avenues for potential therapies targeting prostate cancer (PC).