Digital Targeting: Artificial Intelligence, Data, and Military Intelligence

Abstract It is widely believed that we are on the brink of another military revolution. Today, states are actively seeking to harness the power of AI for military advantage. The question of AI is therefore of profound concern to security studies scholars concerned with global issues. Up to now, the literature has tended to concentrate on AI-enabled lethal autonomous weapons; scholars have been fascinated by the possible appearance of autonomous drone swarms and their implications for security, conflict, and war. This article takes an alternative view. It argues that AI has already begun to play a significant role in military operations and is likely to be more important in the future. However, the attention to lethal autonomous weapons is exaggerated. The armed forces have principally employed AI, not to automate weapons but to help process data. AI has been used to augment military intelligence. Above all, the armed forces have harnessed AI to accelerate and improve military targeting. The article explores two recent cases where the armed forces have used data and AI to target: COVID testing in Liverpool in 2020 and the US’s Security Assistance Group-Ukraine in the Ukraine War in 2022.