Assessing the impact of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement on the zooplankton community

Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) can help mitigate climate change impacts by increasing the carbon storage capacity of the ocean. The technique involves addition of alkaline substances to the seawater to accelerate the natural rock weathering process. However, this will lead to sudden seawater chemistry changes, such as increased pH that might directly and/or indirectly (through trophic pathways) affect zooplankton, an important trophic link, by altering its metabolic state and community composition. In addition, varying dilution times of alkaline substances might impact organisms differently. To date, the possible influences of OAE on zooplankton communities are largely unexplored. To bridge the knowledge gap, we conducted mesocosm and laboratory experiments in simulated non-equilibrated, calcium-based (Ca(OH)2) OAE setups. An incrementally enhanced alkalinity gradient from 0 to 1250 mol kg-1 in steps of 250 mol kg-1 was used in all experiments. The wide-ranging enhanced total alkalinity (TA) was selected to assess the safety threshold. In addition, we compared immediate versus delayed dilution scenarios in our mesocosm study, where each scenario ended up with the same TA gradient after mixing. We examined the multitrophic community response by monitoring twelve mesocosms for 39 days including the natural spring bloom community of Helgoland roads waters in the North Sea. Subsequently, the direct effect of alkalinity enhancement on the physiology (i.e., respiration and grazing) of Temora longicornis (predominant copepod in the mesocosms) was evaluated in the laboratory. The species-specific bottom-up effect was examined by culturing Rhodomonas salina in aforementioned TA gradient and feeding them to the T. longicornis. We observed relatively lower zooplankton abundance, and growth rate in mesocosms with TA1000 and 1250 mol kg-1, which might be a bottom-up effect. In our lab experiments, though, we observed a negative impact on R. salina growth rate and nutritional quality from TA750 mol kg-1, we did not detect any substantial direct or indirect impact on the physiological performance of T. longicornis. Overall, our laboratory study provided a preliminary understanding of the direct and indirect effects of OAE on a key copepod species, and the mesocosm study gave insight into the zooplankton community response.