Long-term atmospheric radon measurements and their connection with environmental conditions

Radon is a radioactive noble gas. Accumulated indoors it is a large source of radiation exposure. Atmospheric radon can be used as a tracer for greenhouse gases and for atmospheric modelling. We analyzed long-term (> 10 years) time series of atmospheric radon (Rn-222 and Rn-220) at 15 locations in Austria and neighboring countries. The measured concentrations are equilibrium-equivalent concentrations (EEC), where decay products of radon are measured on air filters with a PIPS-detector. Other parameters as ambient dose rate and weather data (wind, rainfall and precipitation) are measured at the same location. Additional for one year the atmospheric radon concentration was measured directly with a different measurement system (Alphaguard) at three locations. The analysis of the EEC showed that the temporal variation of atmospheric radon (Rn-222, Rn-220) depends on meteorological parameters. Seasonal and diurnal variations are linked to the stability of atmospheric layers. Under stable weather conditions higher radon concentrations occur. Correlation of the radon concentrations were found primarily with temperature and wind speed. At temperatures below 0 C, Rn-220 shows very low concentrations and a different behavior than Rn-222. This reduction of Rn-220 availability could be associated with frozen or snow-covered soils. The additional measurements (Alphaguard) of atmospheric radon concentrations provided plausible long-term averages, although individual measurements can provide implausible values (e.g. negative values). The temporal patterns of the two measurement systems are very similar, and the atmospheric radon concentrations are predominantly higher than the EEC. A connection of the long-term average values of the atmospheric radon and the radon potential of an area was found, by comparing atmospheric radon concentrations with indoor radon measurements and predictions of the radon potential in Austria. This indicates that the radon potential determines the average level of the atmospheric radon concentrations and weather conditions temporally modulate the atmospheric radon concentrations around this level. This work is supported by the federal ministry of Austria for climate action and the project RadoNORM, which has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2019-2020 under grant agreement No 900009.