Multi-scale variations of ocean temperature off the coast of Nova Scotia

Ocean temperature variations off the coast of Nova Scotia are quantified through analyses of observational data and the simulation results of high-resolution numerical ocean models. The analyses reveal significant variations at various time-space scales, including: 1) rapid colling in nearshore waters associated with extreme cold-air outbreaks; 2) frequent cold spells at seabed along the coast from late fall to early spring; 3) extensive upwelling along the coast from late-spring to fall; 4) marine heat waves and cold spells at surface and in the water column; and 5) large-scale cooling or warming spanning over a season or longer. The forcing mechanisms and predictability of these variations are explored through analysis of atmospheric forcing and ocean model solutions. The potential relevance to applications in marine ecosystems and fishery are discussed.