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Abstract The expansion of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is creating new markets, particularly in Urban Air Mobility (UAM), which presents unique challenges. Beyond the risk of mid-air collisions, UAM services in urban areas introduce ground risks to buildings, traffic routes, and pedestrians. This research explores trends in Ground Risk models for different operation planning stages: strategic, pre-tactical, and tactical. It offers a logical pipeline for UAS operators, emphasizing detailed analysis and data source considerations, along with the importance of model interoperability. Using a Naples case study, the research provides practical steps for national authorities to streamline the UAS authorization process.
Gigante et al. (Fri,) studied this question.