Invasive pulmonary and central nervous system aspergillosis in a child: A case report and literature review

Rationale: Children with haematological malignancies have a higher risk of developing aggressive pulmonary aspergillosis and a higher mortality rate. The most common site of extrapulmonary aspergillosis in children is the central nervous system (CNS), and the death rate is higher when CNS is affected. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis are essential for reducing mortality. Patient concerns: We report a case of an 8-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia who developed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicated by CNS aspergillosis. Aspergillus was confirmed by metagenomic sequencing of pathogenic microorganisms. Diagnoses: Invasive pulmonary and central nervous system aspergillosis. Interventions: The patient was treated with combined systemic antifungal agents (voriconazole and liposomal amphotericin B) and intrathecal injection of amphotericin B. Outcomes: The treatment was well tolerated and resulted in remarkable clinical and radiological head improvements. Lessons: Invasive aspergillosis has a high mortality rate and requires early diagnosis and treatment. Pathogenic microbial metagenomic sequencing is a convenient method to assist in the early diagnosis of aspergillosis. Voriconazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. When CNS aspergillosis occurs, it can be combined with other systemic antifungal drugs and intrathecal injection of amphotericin B.