What types of leaders are most effective, and under what circumstances? This study shifts attention from institutions as the driver of development towards individual leadership characteristics, an area neglected by traditional political science. Drawing on panel data for 178 countries (1945–2020), I analyse whether leaders’ age, tenure, gender, ideology, party affiliation, position and context influence national governance, democracy and economic performance. The results show that better outcomes are most likely when leaders are 50–65 years old, have served for 4–10 years, are centrists, democrats, party-bounded, have substantial executive power and not involve in conflict, forming a probabilistic optimal leadership profile. More importantly, while centrists are better for governance and economic growth, their impact on democracy is far less favourable. The study advances a leadership-cantered framework grounded in leadership trait theory, selectorate logic and ideological moderation and challenges the assumption that institutions alone drive national outcomes. While the global scope of this analysis is a strength in terms of Generalizability, further work needs to be done on leader characteristics, including education, charisma or technocratic experience. The findings carry tangible implications for leadership selection, two-term limit design of 4–5 years each and age limit for political candidates.
Serge Silatsa Nanda (Tue,) studied this question.