Machine Learning the Decoherence Property of Superconducting and Semiconductor Quantum Devices from Graph Connectivity

Quantum computing faces significant challenges from decoherence and noise, which limit the practical implementation of quantum algorithms. While substantial progress has been made in improving individual qubit coherence times, the collective behavior of interconnected qubit systems remains incompletely understood. The connectivity architecture plays a crucial role in determining overall system susceptibility to environmental noise, yet systematic characterization of this relationship has been hindered by computational complexity. We develop a machine learning framework that bridges graph features with quantum device characterization to predict decoherence lifetime directly from connectivity patterns. By representing quantum architectures as connected graphs and using 14 topological features as input to supervised learning models, we achieve accurate lifetime predictions with R2>0.96 for both superconducting and semiconductor platforms. Our analysis reveals fundamentally distinct decoherence mechanisms: superconducting qubits show high sensitivity to global connectivity measures (betweenness centrality δ1=0.484, spectral entropy δ1=0.480), while semiconductor quantum dots exhibit exceptional sensitivity to system scale (node count δ2=0.919, importance = 1.860). The complete failure of cross-platform model transfer (R2 scores of −0.39 and −433.60) emphasizes the platform-specific nature of optimal connectivity design. Our approach enables rapid assessment of quantum architectures without expensive simulations, providing practical guidance for noise-optimized quantum processor design.