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January 14, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Mechanical Resolution of the Proton Radius Puzzle: Variable Manifold Tension in the UST Model

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DPDarius Puzinas

Key Points

  • The research aims to resolve the Proton Radius Puzzle by deriving a new formula related to probe-induced effects.
  • Utilized the Universal Sheet Tension (UST) Model to treat protons as mechanical inclusions.
  • Derived a dynamic radius formula linking radius measurements to manifold tension based on probe type.
  • Analyzed the effects of different particle probes, specifically comparing electrons and muons.
  • Observed a ~4% discrepancy in proton radius measurements using electrons vs. muons.
  • Found that the muon's greater mass-tension compresses the proton's 2D skin more than electrons can.
  • Proposed a purely mechanical explanation for the variations in measured proton radius.

Abstract

This paper addresses the Proton Radius Puzzle—the ~4% discrepancy between measurements using electrons and muons. Within the Universal Sheet Tension (UST) Model, the proton is treated as a 3D mechanical inclusion. We derive a dynamic radius formula showing that the measured radius is a function of probe-induced manifold tension. The muon's higher mass-tension physically compresses the proton's 2D skin, providing a purely mechanical and deterministic solution to the discrepancy.

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Cite This Study

Darius Puzinas (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6967190087ba607552bb8eb7https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18221828
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