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Demonstrates a mechanical solution to the proton radius discrepancy using manifold tension effects in a novel model.
This paper addresses the Proton Radius Puzzle—the ~4% discrepancy between measurements using electrons and muons. Within the Universal Sheet Tension (UST) Model, the proton is treated as a 3D mechanical inclusion. We derive a dynamic radius formula showing that the measured radius is a function of probe-induced manifold tension. The muon's higher mass-tension physically compresses the proton's 2D skin, providing a purely mechanical and deterministic solution to the discrepancy.
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Darius Puzinas (2026) studied this question.
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