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January 18, 2026

A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey. XII. Effelsberg's continuum view and data release

Key Points

To deliver a high-resolution Galactic plane survey of extended radio continuum emission at 4--8 GHz frequency range.
Conducted large-scale radio continuum imaging using the Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope.
Surveyed the Galactic plane and Cygnus X region with frequencies of 4.89 GHz and 6.82 GHz.
Addressed the missing zero-spacing gap by supplementing data from the VLA with Effelsberg data.
Achieved angular resolutions of 145 and 106 for different frequencies.
Recovered over 90% of the flux density missed by previous VLA D-array data.
Provided the highest-quality single-dish continuum data to date for the specified frequency range.

Abstract

Extended radio continuum emission and its linear polarization play a key role in probing large-scale structures of synchrotron and free-free emission in the Milky Way. Despite the existence of many radio continuum surveys, sensitive, high-angular-resolution single-dish surveys of extended radio continuum emission remain scarce. Our objective is to deliver a Galactic plane survey of extended radio continuum emission within the 4--8 GHz frequency range, achieving an unprecedented angular resolution of łesssim3 As part of the GLObal view of STAR formation (GLOSTAR) survey, we also crucially complement existing data from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) by addressing the missing zero-spacing gap. Within the framework of the GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey, we performed large-scale radio continuum imaging observations toward the Galactic plane in the range -2^ ̧irc < and |b|<1. 1^̧irc, as well as the Cygnus X region (76^ <60^ ̧irc ̧irc < and -1^ <83^ ̧irc ̧irc <b<2^ ̧irc) with the Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope. We present the Effelsberg continuum survey at 4. 89 GHz and 6. 82 GHz, including linear polarization, with angular resolutions of 145 and 106 regions, supernova remnants, diffuse interstellar medium, and Galactic structure. respectively. The survey has been corrected for missing large-scale emission using available low-angular-resolution surveys. Comparison with previous single-dish surveys indicates that our continuum survey represents the highest-quality single-dish data collected to date at this frequency. More than 90% of the flux density missed by the VLA D-array data is effectively recovered by the Effelsberg continuum survey. The improved sensitivity and angular resolution of our survey enable reliable mapping of Galactic magnetic field structures, with polarization data less affected by depolarization than in previous surveys. The GLOSTAR single-dish continuum data will be released publicly, offering a valuable resource for studying extended objects including H II

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