What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to review Monte Carlo tools used for low-energy hadronic cross sections in electron-positron collisions.

January 18, 2026Open Access

Radiative corrections and Monte Carlo tools for low-energy hadronic cross sections in e^+ e^- collisions

Key Points

The aim is to review Monte Carlo tools used for low-energy hadronic cross sections in electron-positron collisions.
Conducted a detailed comparison of various Monte Carlo codes.
Analyzed scattering processes into muon pairs, pion pairs, and electron pairs.
Explored scenarios from experiments relevant to hadronic vacuum polarisation.
Presented differential cross sections obtained using multiple Monte Carlo codes.
Identified differences in outputs among the analyzed codes.
Highlighted the implications for dispersive evaluations of hadronic interactions.

Abstract

We present the results of Phase I of an ongoing review of Monte Carlo tools relevant for low-energy hadronic cross sections. This includes a detailed comparison of Monte Carlo codes for electron–positron scattering into a muon pair, pion pair, and electron pair, for scan and radiative-return experiments. After discussing the various approaches that are used and effects that are included, we show differential cross sections obtained with AfkQed, BabaYaga@NLO, KKMC, MCGPJ, McMule, Phokhara, and Sherpa, for scenarios that are inspired by experiments providing input for the dispersive evaluation of the hadronic vacuum polarisation.

Radiative corrections and Monte Carlo tools for low-energy hadronic cross sections in e^+ e^- collisions

Key Points

Abstract

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