This work presents a comprehensive analysis of utilizing residual brine from desalination processes for sodium-ion (Na-ion) battery production, proposing an innovative solution that simultaneously mitigates oceanic environmental impacts and provides abundant, low-cost raw materials for energy storage. Global desalination produces approximately 142 million m³/day of hypersaline brine, representing a significant environmental challenge when discharged into oceans. At the same time, the demand for sustainable and economically viable energy storage technologies is growing exponentially. This study examines: The detailed chemical composition of brine and its recoverable components; Sodium compound extraction and purification processes; Synthesis of cathode and anode materials for Na-ion batteries; Electrochemical characterization and performance; Life cycle analysis and sustainability assessment; Economic viability compared to conventional sodium sources; Industrial scalability. Our results demonstrate that brine can provide sodium with purity exceeding 99.5% after appropriate processing, with costs 40–60% lower than commercial sodium carbonate. Produced batteries exhibit energy densities of 150–160 Wh/kg, capacity retention above 80% after 2000 cycles, and coulombic efficiency over 99%. Industrial-scale implementation could process 10% of global brine, producing materials sufficient for 50 GWh of annual storage capacity while reducing ocean pollution by 14 million m³/day. This work establishes the scientific and technological foundations for a circular economy integrating desalination and energy storage.
Zen Revista (Sun,) studied this question.
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