Radiation-Induced Neurodegeneration

Background: Radiation therapy is a critical treatment modality for craniofacial tumors and metastatic lesions, particularly gliomas. While effective, it poses significant risks of neurotoxicity, which adversely affects patient quality of life. This review aims to explore the mechanisms underlying radiation-induced neurodegeneration (RIN) and its clinical implications, focusing on the interplay between radiation exposure, cognitive decline, and potential therapeutic strategies. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing studies on radiation effects on the central nervous system (CNS), including mechanisms of injury, clinical outcomes, and emerging therapeutic approaches. Key areas of interest included the role of inflammation, vascular damage, neurogenesis impairment, and genetic predispositions in the context of radiation therapy. Results: The findings indicate that radiation induces a complex cascade of neurobiological changes, including vascular injury, microglial activation, and neurogenesis dysfunction, leading to cognitive impairments. The severity of these effects is influenced by patient age, treatment regimens, and individual genetic factors. Additionally, emerging biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid may provide insights into individual susceptibility to radiation-induced neurotoxicity. Therapeutic strategies such as neuroprotective agents, anti-inflammatory treatments, and advanced radiation techniques show promise in mitigating cognitive decline. Conclusions: Radiation-induced neurodegeneration is a multifaceted process with significant implications for patients undergoing radiation therapy. The underlying mechanisms include endothelial cell apoptosis leading to blood–brain barrier breakdown, chronic inflammation, and the destruction of neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus, which collectively trigger cognitive decline and progressive degeneration. A better understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective preventative and therapeutic strategies. Future research should focus on identifying high-risk patients and exploring innovative approaches to minimize cognitive impacts while maximizing the efficacy of radiation treatment.