Unveiling Heart Failure: Gender-Specific Insights and Innovations in Women's Cardiac Health

Heart failure (HF) is a critical global health concern, affecting women due to unique biological, epidemiological, and sociocultural factors. Despite accounting for a significant percentage of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among women, HF remains unexplored, particularly in areas such as gender-specific diagnostic challenges and therapeutic strategies. This review explores the intricate pathophysiology of HF, focusing on inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and fibrosis as pivotal contributors to disease progression. Moreover, it highlights advancements in pharmacological treatments, including ARNI, SGLT2 inhibitors, and novel therapeutic agents like vericiguat (for selective patients) and omecamtiv mecarbil (modest benefits), while addressing the potential of lifestyle interventions, such as diet, exercise, in mitigating HF risk. Artificial intelligence emerges as a promising potential for enhancing diagnostic precision, patient management, and outcome prediction, heralding a new era in HF care. By integrating gender-specific research and innovations, this study aims to refine strategies for improving women's cardiac health, ultimately reducing the global burden of HF.