What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aims to evaluate the KNO scaling functions for jets in QCD while incorporating energy conservation.

February 13, 2026Open Access

Multiplicity distributions in QCD jets and jet topics

XDXiang-Pan DuanUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela LCLin ChenUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela GMGuo-Liang MaFudan University

Key Points

The study aims to evaluate the KNO scaling functions for jets in QCD while incorporating energy conservation.
Incorporated energy conservation into the Double Logarithmic Approximation (DLA).
Applied modified DLA (MDLA) expressions to quark- and gluon-initiated jets.
Analyzed inclusive charged-particle multiplicity distributions from pp collisions at 13 TeV.
MDLA expressions differ significantly from traditional DLA predictions.
Multiplicity distributions were consistent with ATLAS measurements and PYTHIA simulations.
Observations align well with quark- and gluon-initiated distributions extracted via jet topics.

Abstract

A bstract We evaluate the Koba-Nielsen-Olesen (KNO) scaling functions for quark- and gluon-initiated jets by incorporating energy conservation into the Double Logarithmic Approximation (DLA). The resulting modified DLA (MDLA) expressions differ substantially from the DLA predictions and qualitatively align with the recently proposed QCD-inspired expressions, albeit with some quantitative differences. By fixing the two parameters in the MDLA expressions, we show that the inclusive charged-particle multiplicity distributions of the two leading jets in pp collisions at s=13 s = 13 TeV, measured by ATLAS over a wide jet p T range of 0. 1–2. 5 TeV, are well described within experimental uncertainties and consistent with PYTHIA simulations. This conclusion is further supported by direct comparisons with quark- and gluon-initiated jet distributions extracted via jet topics, though the propagated uncertainties from experimental data remain sizable.

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