The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2600–1900 BCE) represents one of the largest and most spatially integrated urban civilizations of the Bronze Age. Extending from Shortugai in the north to Daimabad in the south, and from Sutkagen Dor in the west to Alamgirpur in the east, the civilization covered approximately one to one and a half million square kilometers. This study examines the geographical magnitude, major archaeological sites, urban planning systems, standardized material culture, and external trade networks of the Indus region. Excavations at key centers such as Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, and Lothal reveal advanced civic planning, sophisticated drainage systems, regulated brick proportions, and uniform weights and measures across vast distances. Evidence of maritime and overland exchange with Mesopotamia and regions of the Persian Gulf further demonstrates its participation in early interregional trade networks. Despite the undeciphered script and absence of overt royal monuments, the archaeological record indicates a highly organized and economically integrated civilization. The findings underscore the Indus Valley Civilization's significance not only as one of the largest ancient civilizations by area but also as a uniquely standardized and interconnected urban system of the ancient world.
Swayam Dubey (Thu,) studied this question.