Precision Agriculture Techniques in Drought-Prone Northern Nigerian Villages: An Evaluation of Experimental Design and Implementation

Drought is a significant challenge for agriculture in northern Nigerian villages, where climate variability exacerbates water scarcity and crop yield fluctuations. A systematic review approach was employed to identify, synthesize, and analyse studies on precision agriculture technologies used in northern Nigerian villages affected by drought. The search included databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Precision agriculture techniques showed a mean increase of 15% in crop yield across the reviewed studies compared to conventional farming methods under drought conditions. The experimental designs evaluated in this review generally demonstrated effectiveness but varied significantly in terms of implementation challenges and sustainability. Future research should focus on assessing long-term impacts, scalability, and economic feasibility of precision agriculture solutions in northern Nigerian villages. Model estimation used =argmin_ᵢ (yᵢ, f_ (xᵢ) ) +₂², with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.