Ethical Dilemmas in Egyptian Archaeological Excavations and Repatriation Practices

Ethical dilemmas in archaeological excavations and repatriation practices have become increasingly prominent, particularly in Egypt, where these activities intersect with cultural heritage preservation and international law. The study employs a qualitative research approach, utilising semi-structured interviews with Egyptian archaeologists working in various excavation sites across Egypt. Data collection is supplemented by archival material from relevant governmental bodies and international organizations involved in archaeological activities. Archaeologists reported encountering significant ethical dilemmas related to the preservation of cultural heritage versus commercial interests, as well as balancing public interest with private sector involvement during excavations. The proportion of archaeologists who felt pressure to expedite excavation processes was notably high, often at the expense of thorough documentation and contextual analysis. This study highlights the complex ethical landscapes within Egyptian archaeological practices, underscoring the need for comprehensive guidelines that address both conservation needs and repatriation obligations. Recommendations focus on fostering collaborative frameworks between archaeologists, stakeholders, and relevant authorities to navigate these dilemmas effectively. The implementation of a national code of ethics specifically tailored for archaeological practices in Egypt is recommended, alongside increased training programmes focused on ethical decision-making processes. Egyptian Archaeology, Ethical Dilemmas, Repatriation Practices, Cultural Heritage