The 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake on January 1, 2024, caused extensive ground damage, including landslides and liquefaction. In Uchinada Town, Ishikawa Prefecture, which is located on the sand dunes, liquefaction caused large ground displacements with sand boils, fissures, subsidence and uplift. Roads, lifelines, buildings and houses were severely damaged. The authors measured the ground displacements by 3D survey using aerial photographs and discussed the effect of surface gradient on the displacements.
SAKAMOTO et al. (Thu,) studied this question.