What does this research mean for the field?

The CAP reform of 2013 has led to insufficient environmental improvements despite significant subsidies for greening practices. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.CONTRADICTORY. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.CHALLENGES_CONSENSUS.

What question did this study set out to answer?

To assess the effectiveness of the CAP reform in improving environmental protection and conservation practices.

March 1, 2026

Evaluation of the CAP from an environmental perspective: low impact, high costs

Key Points

To assess the effectiveness of the CAP reform in improving environmental protection and conservation practices.
Analyzed the impact of 2013 GAP reform on land use practices.
Examined changes in fallow and permanent grassland areas post-reform.
Evaluated the relationship between greening subsidies and environmental outcomes.
Increase in fallow and permanent grassland but not significant enough for environmental improvement.
Current farming adjustments to meet greening criteria are minimal.
Greening subsidies disproportionately high compared to additional operating costs.

Abstract

• The GAP reform of 2013 has led to an increase in fallow land and permanent grassland through "Greening". However, this growth is not sufficient to achieve significant improvements in environmental protection and nature conservation. • To mitigate the environmental risk from plant protection products, there would need to be a change in land use toward low-risk production practices in significantly higher proportions. • For the most part, farms had to make only a few adjustments to receive the full greening subsidy. Yet, the targets were not ambitious enough to achieve significant improvements for the protection of biotic and abiotic resources. • The subsidies for greening amounted to roughly eight times the additional operating costs.

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