This paper addresses the operational challenges of battery storage systems (BSS) providing primary frequency reserve, specifically focusing on Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) in the European power system. Building on the extensive literature in the field, we observe a drawback in considering insufficiently detailed reserve activation and battery degradation models. Acknowledging the uncertainty in frequency deviation, we propose a data-driven chance-constrained model for a BSS that enables a realistic representation of the operational environment. Our model incorporates local frequency fluctuations, often overlooked in large-scale frequency stability considerations, and evaluates their impact on the BSS operation, considering its degradation. The paper contributes to understanding the BSS operation under diverse settings, emphasising the need to account for both the reserve activation uncertainty and the battery degradation in the context of frequency containment services.
Pandžić et al. (Fri,) studied this question.