MRI technology continues to advance, increasing the demand for reliable tools for system testing, validation, and training. Although human subjects remain the gold standard, their use is constrained by ethical considerations, cost, and limited reproducibility. Consequently, there is a growing need for anatomically realistic MRI phantoms that support research, development, and education. Many existing MRI phantoms emphasize quantitative relaxation properties but remain structurally simplistic, lacking anatomical complexity and clinically relevant relative contrast. This technical note presents a practical workflow for developing high-fidelity cross-sectional MRI phantoms of the head, knee, hip, and abdomen. Representative MRI slices were manually delineated, converted into computer-aided design models, and fabricated using 3D printing. The resulting hollow structures were filled with contrast-enhanced gel-based tissue-mimicking materials. MRI acquisitions were performed to assess anatomical representation and relative tissue contrast. The proposed methodology demonstrates a low-cost and accessible approach for producing anatomically realistic MRI phantoms suitable for research, protocol development, and teaching. The workflow is adaptable and can be extended to other anatomical regions.
Yusuff et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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