The localization of underwater sensor network is essential for reliable data collection and monitoring for several ocean applications. For proper ocean exploration, it is necessary to find the location of all sensors accurately, as this can be important during military operations and resource collection. In this work, a range-free distance vector-hop (DV-hop) localization algorithm using the modified Selective Opposition Class Topper Optimization (SOCTO) algorithm is proposed. The algorithm uses a polynomial approximation to approximate the average hop distance between beacon nodes, yielding better results when the polynomial matches the relationship between the hop and physical distance. A rectification factor is included to improve distance measurements in underwater environments for variables such as temperature, salinity, Doppler shift, and multipath propagation. Specifically, DV-hop is a range-free method that allows anchor nodes to broadcast their locations to the other nearby nodes without requiring precisely known distances. The MATLAB simulations show that the modified SOCTO method showed a significant decrease in localization error as the number of beacon nodes increased. The error decreases to 0.24 at 25 beacon nodes, compared to 0.66 for DV-Hop and 0.42 for PSO corresponding to improvements of approximately 64% over DV-Hop and 43% over PSO. These outcomes demonstrate that the suggested Modified SOCTO-based DV-Hop algorithm outperforms the traditional DV-Hop and PSO techniques, resulting in significantly reduced localization errors.
Huchegowda et al. (Sat,) studied this question.