Indian numismatics offers a comprehensive lens through which the economic, political, and cultural history of the Indian subcontinent can be understood. This paper explores the development of Indian coinage from its prehistoric origins to the medieval period, emphasizing the role of coins not only as a medium of exchange but also as artifacts that encapsulate the zeitgeist of different eras. The study begins with an examination of the early forms of currency and barter systems used in prehistoric India, leading to the introduction of the first punch-marked coins during the Mahajanapada period. As Indian society evolved, so did its coinage, reflecting the rise and fall of empires, the spread of religious ideas, and the expansion of trade networks. The Mauryan Empire's standardized coinage signified the consolidation of political power, while the Indo-Greek and Kushan dynasties introduced new artistic and cultural elements into Indian numismatics, blending local and foreign influences. The Gupta period is often hailed as the golden age of Indian coinage, with its gold dinaras exemplifying the artistic and economic prosperity of the time. The paper also delves into the numismatic contributions of regional kingdoms during the early medieval period, such as the Cholas, Rashtrakutas, and Rajputs, whose coins reflected their unique cultural identities and political ambitions. The arrival of Islamic rulers in India marked a significant shift in coinage, with the introduction of Islamic motifs and inscriptions, mirroring the broader changes in the socio-political landscape. Through a detailed analysis of coins from these periods, this paper highlights how numismatics serves as a crucial interdisciplinary field, bridging history, archaeology, economics, and art. The study underscores the importance of coins as primary historical sources, offering insights into the governance, economy, religion, and cultural exchanges that shaped ancient and medieval India. By tracing the evolution of Indian coinage, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex and diverse history of the Indian subcontinent.
Singh et al. (Wed,) studied this question.