This study addresses a critical gap in integrating economic, energy, and carbon networks into a unified dynamic 3E framework, using the 2000–2014 World Input–Output Database and input–output modeling with network analysis. Findings reveal: (1) strong coupling, with synchronized trends (e.g., 30–40% link fluctuations) and hub industries (e.g., transportation, CHN-E) driving economic and environmental flows; (2) evolution from regionalized to globalized networks, with a 14% link drop in 2009 and China’s rise as a central hub; and (3) drivers including GVC specialization, economic shocks, and technological advancements. Developing economies bear increasing carbon burdens, necessitating equitable policies. Recommendations include inclusive GVC participation, green transformation of hub industries, and global carbon trading to address inequalities and support the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C target. Future research should explore post-2014 trends and digitalization’s role in sustainable GVCs, offering insights for global economic and environmental governance.
Li et al. (Sat,) studied this question.