Transforming discarded cigarette butts into novel hydrochar catalyst towards biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil: a trash-to-treasure approach

Key Points

• Biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil using hydrochar catalyst shows potential for effective renewable energy.
• The transformation process achieved a biodiesel yield of over 90%, highlighting the method's efficiency.
• Experimental analysis involved converting discarded cigarette butts into a hydrochar catalyst for biodiesel production.
• This innovative approach may enhance recycling efforts and reduce environmental waste from cigarette litter.