One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of Fe–N–S co-doped hydrochar from garden waste for enhanced Cr(VI) adsorption removal by synergistic reduction and immobilization

Key Points

• Enhanced Cr(VI) adsorption shows a capacity increase of 60% using Fe–N–S co-doping.
• The method used is hydrothermal synthesis, effectively converting garden waste into functional hydrochar.
• Co-doping mechanisms involve both reduction and immobilization processes that work synergistically to remove contaminants.
• This approach supports sustainable waste management and pollution reduction from industrial sources.