Shaking table test on seismic response of bridge pile foundation in liquefiable soil with overlying frozen soil layer

Key Points

• Seismic response changes significantly with the presence of an overlying frozen soil layer.
• In the shaking table test, the structural integrity of the bridge pile foundation was assessed under liquefiable conditions.
• Observational analysis highlighted how frozen soil affects stability during seismic events.
• The results indicate that engineering designs need to consider the impact of seasonal soil changes.