With the advancement in neurotechnology the human-machine interaction has been redefined, 11 specifically with progress in brain-computer interface (BCI) systems (Zhang et al. 2023). By 12 translating neural activity directly into machine-executable commands, BCIs are unlocking 13 unprecedented possibilities in healthcare, assistive robotics, brain-controlled therapy and 14 neurorehabilitation (Karikari and Koshechkin 2023;Nazeer et al. 2025). Among all BCI types, 15 invasive BCIs have better signal quality and precision, and non-invasive BCIs are cheaper, 16 comfortable, and suitable for consumer and clinical use (Naseer and Hong 2015). In non-invasive 17BCIs, intensive research has been performed, still there is need to cope with lower resolution and 18 noise which can be improved with pre-processing, artificial intelligence (AI) for robotic applications 19 (Hong, Khan, and Hong 2018;Hanafi et al. 2023). 20 The author(s) declared that financial support was not received for this work and/or its publication. 76
Nazeer et al. (Fri,) studied this question.