This paper proposes a Stackelberg game-based collaborative optimization strategy for Park-Level Integrated Energy Systems (PIESs) operating in carbon and green certificate markets. The strategy addresses interest conflicts and low-carbon transition challenges in multi-agent optimization by integrating a carbon capture, power-to-gas, and liquid carbon dioxide energy storage technology chain. Innovatively integrates LCES into the CCS-P2G-LCES chain, achieving internal carbon cycling and energy storage. First, a market environment for PIESs integrating carbon trading and green certificate trading is constructed, and a deeply coupled low-carbon technology chain model of CCS-P2G-LCES is established to realize internal carbon resource cycling and energy time shifting. Second, a one-leader, multiple-follower Stackelberg game framework is developed with the Integrated Energy Service Provider (IESP) as the leader and the User Load Aggregator (ULA) and Electric Vehicle Aggregator (EVA) as followers. The IESP guides demand response on the user and electric vehicle sides by formulating differentiated energy prices. On this basis, a collaborative optimization dispatch model is constructed with the objective of maximizing the comprehensive revenue of the IESP. Finally, case study analysis verifies that the proposed method not only enhances operational revenue and reduces user energy costs, but also significantly reduces system carbon emissions and improves renewable energy consumption rates. The results demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of integrating market mechanisms, low-carbon technologies, and multi-agent game-based collaborative optimization.
Zhang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.